NMR

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is an important analytical technique that is frequently used to identify the molecular structure of a molecule based on the magnetic properties of the atoms it contains. Certain atomic nuclei possess a magnetic moment and emit electromagnetic radiation when subjected to a strong magnetic field. The most common elements studied by this technique are hydrogen(1), carbon(13) and Fluorine(19), which are very important in organic chemistry. The precise frequency that a given nucleus responds depends on its chemical environment. A key factor is how heavily the nucleus is shielded from the magnetic field by electrons. For example, hydrogen atoms that are attached to highly electronegative atoms, such as carboxylic acids, respond to much lower frequency compared to hydrogens in a hydrocarbon, which require higher frequencies. NMR is widely employed in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, materials science, and medicine for elucidating molecular structures, monitoring chemical reactions, and studying biological systems.